1. Kidney Stones 

Hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause pain as they move through the urinary tract. 

Common Signs: 

• Severe flank or lower back pain 
• Blood in urine 
• Painful or frequent urination 
• Nausea in more severe episodes 

2. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): 

A bacterial infection affects any part of the urinary system, from the bladder to the kidneys. 

Common Signs 

• Burning sensation while urinating 
• Frequent urge to urinate 
• Cloudy or strong-smelling urine 
• Lower abdominal discomfort 

3. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) 

Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, common in older men, that can obstruct urine flow. 

Common Signs 

• Weak or interrupted urine stream 
• Frequent night-time urination 
• Difficulty starting urination 

4. Urinary Incontinence 

Involuntary leakage of urine, ranging from occasional leaks to a complete inability to control urination. 

Common Signs 

• Leakage during coughing, sneezing or exertion 
• Sudden, strong urges to urinate 
• Difficulty controlling bladder function 

A. Recurrent Kidney Stone Disease 

Repeated formation of kidney stones over time, often requiring long term monitoring and dietary management. 

Common Signs: 

• Repeated episodes of flank pain 
• Recurrent blood in urine 
• Stones detected on repeat imaging 

B. Kidney Blockage (Hydronephrosis) 

Swelling of the kidney due to a build-up of urine, caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract. 

Common Signs: 

• Persistent flank or back pain 
• Reduced urine output 
• Swelling in the abdomen in advanced cases 

Pyelonephritis 

A serious kidney infection that requires prompt evaluation and treatment to prevent complications. 

Common Signs: 

• High fever with chills 
• Flank pain 
• Nausea or vomiting alongside urinary symptoms 

Suspicious Urological Findings 

Persistent blood in urine, unexplained masses or imaging findings that need clinical evaluation to rule out urological cancer. 

When To Get Evaluated 

• Blood in urine without an obvious cause 
• A mass felt in the kidney, bladder or scrotal area 
• Unexplained weight loss with urinary symptoms